Myocarditis
From: Carl (SPARTACUS) 5 Jan 12:04
To: Razz (RAZZMAN)
1 of 42
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| Alex Berenson | Jan 5 |
The findings call into sharp question the efforts by American colleges and universities to make their students receive booster shots before returning to school this January - especially since other studies have shown that the risk of post-vaccine myocarditis is concentrated not merely in men under 40 but in those aged 16-25.
The study, which British researchers released in late December, showed that the risk of myocarditis almost doubled after the first Pfizer shot in men under 40. Then it doubled again after the second and doubled again after the third - to almost eight times the baseline risk.
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For the Moderna vaccine, the risks were even higher, reaching 16-fold after the second shot. (The risk of a third Moderna shot could not be calculated because too few people received it.)
Because each Moderna shot contains 100 micrograms of mRNA, while each Pfizer shot contains 30, the findings suggest strongly that the heart risks are dose-related and likely to continue to rise with each additional shot.
The study also contained some evidence that post-vaccine myocarditis might be more dangerous than other forms of myocarditis. It showed a trend towards higher death rates in people hospitalized for myocarditis after vaccination compared to other myocarditis cases.
Both myocarditis and pericarditis are forms of heart inflammation that can be very serious, even deadly. In an appendix, the researchers reported that 263 Britons were hospitalized for myocarditis within four weeks of receiving a Pfizer shot; of those, 38, or 14 percent, died. Only about 9 percent of people hospitalized for myocarditis that did not follow an mRNA vaccination died.
The researchers did not look at other potential cardiovascular risks, such as heart attacks or irregular heartbeats, although American and European databases of post-vaccine side effects contain many reports of those as well.
The findings come even as many colleges and universities - including public schools like the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, large private schools such as Syracuse University, and Ivy League institutions such as Princeton University - demand that their students receive a booster Covid shot before returning to campus.
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These colleges are likely subjecting their male students to a risk of myocarditis and pericarditis, a related illness, that is much higher than the overall risk of Covid, which is vanishingly small for healthy teenagers and young adults. Many larger universities are likely to have multiple cases of male students hospitalized for myocarditis as a result of the mandates.
The massive study was is based on data from 42 million Britons who received at least one Covid vaccine dose, including roughly 22 million who received the mRNA vaccines.
About half were given the mRNA vaccines, while the rest received AstraZeneca’s DNA/AAV vaccine, which is not available in the United States. The AstraZeneca vaccine, which works similarly to the Johnson & Johnson vaccine, had a lower risk of myocarditis than mRNA vaccines.
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From: Razz (RAZZMAN) 5 Jan 15:13
To: Carl (SPARTACUS)
2 of 42
I'll have to do more research on this topic. Both my sons are under 40, and they've had the booster. Hopefully, they'll be OK.
The above article makes it look like there's a huge number of cases of Myocarditis but the two articles I posted below, scientific studies, shows otherwise.
The above article makes it look like there's a huge number of cases of Myocarditis but the two articles I posted below, scientific studies, shows otherwise.
Quote:
Overall, data suggested that myocarditis occurred in approximately 1 of 26,000 men and 1 of 218,000 women after the second vaccine dose. Most cases manifested within a week after the second dose in young men.
Overall, the investigators found 2.13 myocarditis cases per 100,000 people—again, about a 0.002% incidence—with the highest incidence in men 16 to 29 years old, where it was 10.69 cases per 100,000 people, or a 0.011% incidence (95% CIs, 1.56 to 2.70 and 6.93 to 14.46, respectively).
Overall, the investigators found 2.13 myocarditis cases per 100,000 people—again, about a 0.002% incidence—with the highest incidence in men 16 to 29 years old, where it was 10.69 cases per 100,000 people, or a 0.011% incidence (95% CIs, 1.56 to 2.70 and 6.93 to 14.46, respectively).
EDITED: 5 Jan 19:12 by RAZZMAN
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From: Razz (RAZZMAN) 5 Jan 18:31
To: Carl (SPARTACUS)
3 of 42
I'd like to see both sides of the heated debate over masks/no masks, vaccines/no vaccines go head to head before the public and a panel of judges to determine what side is telling the truth. There are so many studies that come out to scare the public and then a year later, a study proving the opposite comes out. Who the heck do we believe??
I'm sick and tired of all these studies, trying to scare the crap out of me. I'll go with your philosophy with not believing anything you read or hear. It's all propaganda to me, with each side with their own devious agenda.
However, he's a study I found about Myocarditis, All this is way over my head, and could be an ET alien language, as far as I'm concerned.
https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2021/10/covid-vaccine-related-myocarditis-rare-usually-mild-studies-say
COVID vaccine-related myocarditis rare, usually mild, studies say
Two studies in the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) and a research letter in JAMA Internal Medicine this week found that myocarditis—inflammation of the heart muscle—following COVID-19 mRNA vaccination is rare and usually mild.
Younger men seemed to be at increased risk of the condition, however, and today Finland joined Sweden and Denmark in pausing the Moderna vaccine among young men after a Nordic study found a slightly elevated risk in that demographic.
On Jun 25, the US Food and Drug Administration added a warning to the fact sheets for the Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines about both myocarditis and pericarditis (inflammation of the tissue surrounding the heart).
Myocarditis in Israel
In a nationwide population study, researchers led by Dror Mevorach, MD, looked at 5,442,696 Israelis 16 and older who were at least partially vaccinated with the Pfizer vaccine (94.2% received two doses) and compared them with 3,847,069 unvaccinated people. During that time, 283 people had probable or definitive myocarditis, with 142 cases (50.2%) linked to the Pfizer vaccine. Of those, 136 were definitive or probable.
Almost 95% of vaccine-linked myocarditis cases were mild, but one fulminant (sudden and quickly escalating) case was fatal. Surveillance occurred from the vaccine's market introduction, Dec 20, 2020, to May 31, 2021.
Of the vaccinated people with myocarditis, 117 had myocarditis after the second dose of the Pfizer vaccine, compared with 19 after the first dose. Ninety-five people had age and sex data available, which showed that 91% were male and 76% were younger than 30 years.
The myocarditis risk difference between the first and second dose was 1.76 cases per 100,000 people (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.33 to 2.19), or less than a 0.002% incidence. The largest difference was among male recipients 16 to 19 years, who had 13.73 cases per 100,000 people (95% CIs, 8.11 to 19.46)—but even that level amounts to only a 0.014% incidence.
In other words, compared with unvaccinated people, vaccinated people had a 2.35 rate ratio of myocarditis 30 days after the second dose (95% CI, 1.10 to 5.02). Vaccinated young males had an 8.96 rate ratio (95% CI, 4.50 to 17.83).
The researchers note that the standardized incidence ratio declined with age among the boys and men: It was 13.60 in those 16 to 19, 8.53 in those 20 to 24, 6.96 in those 25 to 29, and 2.90 in those 30 and older.
Overall, data suggested that myocarditis occurred in approximately 1 of 26,000 men and 1 of 218,000 women after the second vaccine dose. Most cases manifested within a week after the second dose in young men.
"The mechanism of vaccine-induced myocarditis is not known but may be related to the active component of the vaccine, the mRNA sequence that codes for the spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), or to the immune response that follows vaccination," write the researchers.
Only 2 cases per 100,000 vaccinees
In the other NEJM study, researchers looked at data from Israel's Clalit Health Services, which covers about 52% of the total population and is approximately representative of the country's socioeconomics and coexisting disease prevalence.
Overall, the investigators found 2.13 myocarditis cases per 100,000 people—again, about a 0.002% incidence—with the highest incidence in men 16 to 29 years old, where it was 10.69 cases per 100,000 people, or a 0.011% incidence (95% CIs, 1.56 to 2.70 and 6.93 to 14.46, respectively).
Out of more than 2.5 million vaccinated people 16 and older, 54 myocarditis cases linked with the Pfizer vaccine were identified, with 41 mild (76%), 12 intermediate (22%), and 1 that was linked to cardiogenic shock.
Discharge info was available for 38 of the cases. About 94% of cases were in boys and men, and the median age was 27 years. A strong majority (83%) had no coexisting medical conditions, although 13% were receiving treatment for chronic diseases, 2 had COVID-19 at least 125 days prior to vaccination and 1 had ventricular dysfunction prior to vaccination.
The presenting symptom was chest pain for 82%, and left ventricular function was normal on hospital admission in 71% of 48 patients. All myocarditis patients were hospitalized (median stay, 3 days), and discharge information was available for 38. Ten patients still had dysfunction at the time of discharge, but five of them had normal heart function during follow-up testing. One patient with a history of pericarditis had to be readmitted three more times, and a patient with preexisting cardiac disease died of unknown causes post-discharge.
"The diagnosis of myocarditis occurred throughout the postvaccination period, but there appeared to be an increase approximately 3 to 5 days after the second vaccine dose," write the researchers. "The follow-up period in our cohort (median, 83 days) was too short to ascertain the long-term prognosis of patients with myocarditis after vaccination."
While these numbers differ a bit from the full population study, Mevorach et al address this in their discussion. "That [Clalit Health] study showed a somewhat lower incidence of myocarditis, possibly because of the different methods that were used," they write, noting that they had specific follow-up deadlines after each dose, whereas lead author Guy Witberg, MD and colleagues did a general follow-up after the first dose.
"The study design may have led to an underestimation of myocarditis cases owing to a shorter follow-up for the second dose," Mevorach and colleagues wrote. "In our study, the rate of myocarditis in the general unvaccinated population was 1 per 10,857 and can be compared with findings indicating that myocarditis was more common after SARS-CoV-2 infection than after vaccination, as reported previously by Barda et al," a Sep 16 mRNA vaccine safety study also conducted in Israel.
Myocarditis in southern California
The JAMA Internal Medicine research letter was the only investigation whose cohort included both the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines. Analyzing data on 2,392,924 at least partially vaccinated adults in the Kaiser Permanente health system, the researchers found 15 cases of confirmed myocarditis, with 2 after the first and 13 after the second dose.
Incidence was 0.8 cases per 1 million first doses and 5.8 per 1 million second doses over a 10-day observation window—or a 0.0006% incidence, even rarer than in the NEJM studies.
Compared with 1,577,741 unvaccinated Kaiser Permanente patients, who had 75 incidences of myocarditis during the study period, the incidence rate ratio was 0.38 after the first dose and 2.7 after the second dose (95% CIs, 0.05 to 1.40 to 1.4 to 4.8, respectively).
All myocarditis cases linked with vaccination were in men 40 years or younger (median age, 25) with no cardiac disease history. Fourteen (93%) had chest pain 1 to 5 days post-vaccination, and all were discharged from the hospital within a week without needing intensive care. None required readmission.
The study took place from Dec 14, 2020, to Jul 20, 2021, in southern California. Half of the vaccinated cohort received Moderna, and half received Pfizer. The median age of vaccinees was 49 years, but 35.7% were younger than 40. The vast majority (93.5%) received two doses. About 54% of participants were women, and 31.2% were White.
"This vaccinated cohort is unique in its racial and ethnic diversity and in receiving care at community hospitals with treatment reflective of real-world practice," the researchers write. "No relationship between COVID-19 mRNA vaccination and postvaccination myocarditis can been established given the observational nature of this study."
In related editorial by Vinay Guduguntla, MD, and Mitchell H. Katz, MD, they add, "Data from the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System indicate that [myocarditis] is not unique to just the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine. Moreover, this risk is small when weighed with the morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 infection, in which up to 28% of hospitalized patients showed signs of myocardial injury.
"However, it would be worthwhile to identify the mechanism of cardiac injury from vaccines. In addition, we anticipate seeing more cases of myocarditis, as vaccination was recently approved for teenage males aged 12 to 16 years."
I'm sick and tired of all these studies, trying to scare the crap out of me. I'll go with your philosophy with not believing anything you read or hear. It's all propaganda to me, with each side with their own devious agenda.
However, he's a study I found about Myocarditis, All this is way over my head, and could be an ET alien language, as far as I'm concerned.
https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2021/10/covid-vaccine-related-myocarditis-rare-usually-mild-studies-say
COVID vaccine-related myocarditis rare, usually mild, studies say
Two studies in the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) and a research letter in JAMA Internal Medicine this week found that myocarditis—inflammation of the heart muscle—following COVID-19 mRNA vaccination is rare and usually mild.
Younger men seemed to be at increased risk of the condition, however, and today Finland joined Sweden and Denmark in pausing the Moderna vaccine among young men after a Nordic study found a slightly elevated risk in that demographic.
On Jun 25, the US Food and Drug Administration added a warning to the fact sheets for the Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines about both myocarditis and pericarditis (inflammation of the tissue surrounding the heart).
Myocarditis in Israel
In a nationwide population study, researchers led by Dror Mevorach, MD, looked at 5,442,696 Israelis 16 and older who were at least partially vaccinated with the Pfizer vaccine (94.2% received two doses) and compared them with 3,847,069 unvaccinated people. During that time, 283 people had probable or definitive myocarditis, with 142 cases (50.2%) linked to the Pfizer vaccine. Of those, 136 were definitive or probable.
Almost 95% of vaccine-linked myocarditis cases were mild, but one fulminant (sudden and quickly escalating) case was fatal. Surveillance occurred from the vaccine's market introduction, Dec 20, 2020, to May 31, 2021.
Of the vaccinated people with myocarditis, 117 had myocarditis after the second dose of the Pfizer vaccine, compared with 19 after the first dose. Ninety-five people had age and sex data available, which showed that 91% were male and 76% were younger than 30 years.
The myocarditis risk difference between the first and second dose was 1.76 cases per 100,000 people (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.33 to 2.19), or less than a 0.002% incidence. The largest difference was among male recipients 16 to 19 years, who had 13.73 cases per 100,000 people (95% CIs, 8.11 to 19.46)—but even that level amounts to only a 0.014% incidence.
In other words, compared with unvaccinated people, vaccinated people had a 2.35 rate ratio of myocarditis 30 days after the second dose (95% CI, 1.10 to 5.02). Vaccinated young males had an 8.96 rate ratio (95% CI, 4.50 to 17.83).
The researchers note that the standardized incidence ratio declined with age among the boys and men: It was 13.60 in those 16 to 19, 8.53 in those 20 to 24, 6.96 in those 25 to 29, and 2.90 in those 30 and older.
Overall, data suggested that myocarditis occurred in approximately 1 of 26,000 men and 1 of 218,000 women after the second vaccine dose. Most cases manifested within a week after the second dose in young men.
"The mechanism of vaccine-induced myocarditis is not known but may be related to the active component of the vaccine, the mRNA sequence that codes for the spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), or to the immune response that follows vaccination," write the researchers.
Only 2 cases per 100,000 vaccinees
In the other NEJM study, researchers looked at data from Israel's Clalit Health Services, which covers about 52% of the total population and is approximately representative of the country's socioeconomics and coexisting disease prevalence.
Overall, the investigators found 2.13 myocarditis cases per 100,000 people—again, about a 0.002% incidence—with the highest incidence in men 16 to 29 years old, where it was 10.69 cases per 100,000 people, or a 0.011% incidence (95% CIs, 1.56 to 2.70 and 6.93 to 14.46, respectively).
Out of more than 2.5 million vaccinated people 16 and older, 54 myocarditis cases linked with the Pfizer vaccine were identified, with 41 mild (76%), 12 intermediate (22%), and 1 that was linked to cardiogenic shock.
Discharge info was available for 38 of the cases. About 94% of cases were in boys and men, and the median age was 27 years. A strong majority (83%) had no coexisting medical conditions, although 13% were receiving treatment for chronic diseases, 2 had COVID-19 at least 125 days prior to vaccination and 1 had ventricular dysfunction prior to vaccination.
The presenting symptom was chest pain for 82%, and left ventricular function was normal on hospital admission in 71% of 48 patients. All myocarditis patients were hospitalized (median stay, 3 days), and discharge information was available for 38. Ten patients still had dysfunction at the time of discharge, but five of them had normal heart function during follow-up testing. One patient with a history of pericarditis had to be readmitted three more times, and a patient with preexisting cardiac disease died of unknown causes post-discharge.
"The diagnosis of myocarditis occurred throughout the postvaccination period, but there appeared to be an increase approximately 3 to 5 days after the second vaccine dose," write the researchers. "The follow-up period in our cohort (median, 83 days) was too short to ascertain the long-term prognosis of patients with myocarditis after vaccination."
While these numbers differ a bit from the full population study, Mevorach et al address this in their discussion. "That [Clalit Health] study showed a somewhat lower incidence of myocarditis, possibly because of the different methods that were used," they write, noting that they had specific follow-up deadlines after each dose, whereas lead author Guy Witberg, MD and colleagues did a general follow-up after the first dose.
"The study design may have led to an underestimation of myocarditis cases owing to a shorter follow-up for the second dose," Mevorach and colleagues wrote. "In our study, the rate of myocarditis in the general unvaccinated population was 1 per 10,857 and can be compared with findings indicating that myocarditis was more common after SARS-CoV-2 infection than after vaccination, as reported previously by Barda et al," a Sep 16 mRNA vaccine safety study also conducted in Israel.
Myocarditis in southern California
The JAMA Internal Medicine research letter was the only investigation whose cohort included both the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines. Analyzing data on 2,392,924 at least partially vaccinated adults in the Kaiser Permanente health system, the researchers found 15 cases of confirmed myocarditis, with 2 after the first and 13 after the second dose.
Incidence was 0.8 cases per 1 million first doses and 5.8 per 1 million second doses over a 10-day observation window—or a 0.0006% incidence, even rarer than in the NEJM studies.
Compared with 1,577,741 unvaccinated Kaiser Permanente patients, who had 75 incidences of myocarditis during the study period, the incidence rate ratio was 0.38 after the first dose and 2.7 after the second dose (95% CIs, 0.05 to 1.40 to 1.4 to 4.8, respectively).
All myocarditis cases linked with vaccination were in men 40 years or younger (median age, 25) with no cardiac disease history. Fourteen (93%) had chest pain 1 to 5 days post-vaccination, and all were discharged from the hospital within a week without needing intensive care. None required readmission.
The study took place from Dec 14, 2020, to Jul 20, 2021, in southern California. Half of the vaccinated cohort received Moderna, and half received Pfizer. The median age of vaccinees was 49 years, but 35.7% were younger than 40. The vast majority (93.5%) received two doses. About 54% of participants were women, and 31.2% were White.
"This vaccinated cohort is unique in its racial and ethnic diversity and in receiving care at community hospitals with treatment reflective of real-world practice," the researchers write. "No relationship between COVID-19 mRNA vaccination and postvaccination myocarditis can been established given the observational nature of this study."
In related editorial by Vinay Guduguntla, MD, and Mitchell H. Katz, MD, they add, "Data from the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System indicate that [myocarditis] is not unique to just the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine. Moreover, this risk is small when weighed with the morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 infection, in which up to 28% of hospitalized patients showed signs of myocardial injury.
"However, it would be worthwhile to identify the mechanism of cardiac injury from vaccines. In addition, we anticipate seeing more cases of myocarditis, as vaccination was recently approved for teenage males aged 12 to 16 years."
EDITED: 5 Jan 18:33 by RAZZMAN
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From: Razz (RAZZMAN) 5 Jan 18:56
To: Carl (SPARTACUS)
4 of 42
Here's a report out of Canada, getting away from the U.S. Big Pharma influence.
https://www.publichealthontario.ca/-/media/documents/ncov/vaccines/2021/11/myocarditis-pericarditis-mrna-vaccines.pdf?sc_lang=en
Myocarditis and Pericarditis after COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines
November 2021
Key Messages
-A number of cases of myocarditis/pericarditis following immunization with mRNA COVID-19
vaccines have been reported in Ontario, Canada, and internationally. Reported cases have
occurred more frequently in males under the age of 30 years, commonly following their second
dose, usually within one week of vaccination, and have been mild with a quick recovery.
The observed number of cases of myocarditis/pericarditis following administration of a mRNA
vaccine is higher than expected in some jurisdictions, including Ontario, Canada, and the United
States (US). Preliminary post-marketing safety data reported in Canada and the US suggests
higher rates of myocarditis/pericarditis reported after Moderna Spikevax® compared to Pfizer-
BioNTech Comirnaty®.
-The National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) recommends that individuals who
experienced myocarditis/pericarditis after a first dose of an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine should wait
to receive a second dose until more information is available.
- On September 29, 2021, out of an abundance of caution, Ontario issued a preferential
recommendation for the use of Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine for individuals 18-24 years of age, and
the continued use of Pfizer-BioNTech for individuals 12-17 years of age, based on an analysis of
data from Ontario’s vaccine safety surveillance system.
- The benefits of vaccination continue to outweigh the risks of COVID-19 illness and vaccination is
highly recommended for all eligible individuals, including youth.
This document provides an overview of what is currently known about events of myocarditis and
pericarditis following COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. This document will be updated as new information
becomes available.
This document was informed by a review of current literature on myocarditis/pericarditis generally and
following COVID-19 vaccination. It includes a jurisdictional scan of resources from countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, and Israel, and organizations such as the Public Health Agency of Canada, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the World Health Organization; and a
synthesis of hand-selected peer-reviewed literature.
Myocarditis and Pericarditis Following COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines 2
Background
In May 2021, international reports of myocarditis/pericarditis following vaccination with COVID-19 mRNA vaccines emerged from the United States1,2 and Israel.3 Preliminary reports, which have been confirmed with additional investigation (outlined below) indicated that these cases occurred mainly in adolescents and young adults, more often in males than females, more commonly after the second dose, and typically within one week after vaccination.1,2,4 Most cases appeared to be mild and responded well to conservative treatment (e.g., non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) and rest. No myocarditis/pericarditis events were initially observed with Pfizer-BioNTech5 including among 12 to 15 year old adolescents6, and Moderna7 clinical trials. Since these original reports, multiple immunization advisory groups and vaccine regulatory committees have met to discuss this vaccine signal and to provide recommendations. To date, all countries offering COVID-19 vaccination in young adults and adolescents continue to recommend their use.
Overview of Myocarditis and Pericarditis
Myocarditis is inflammation of the heart muscle and pericarditis is inflammation of the lining outside the
heart. Symptoms of both can include shortness of breath, chest pain, or the feeling of a rapid or abnormal heart rhythm.1,2,4 Other non-cardiac symptoms can include fatigue, gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain), dizziness or syncope, edema (swelling of the lower legs), or cough.4
In Ontario, baseline data for the period of 2015-2020 from the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (ICES) was available using a broad definition of myocarditis and pericarditis from the 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases.8 The average annual incidence of myocarditis/pericarditis per 100,000 individuals for the following age groups was: 12-19 years (16.0, 95% confidence Interval [CI]: 15.1-16.9), 20-29 years (27.3, 95% CI: 26.4-28.2), 30-39 years (27.7, 95% CI: 26.7, 28.7), and 40-49 years (28.6, 95% CI: 27.7-29.7). For Ontarians 80 years of age and older, the average annual incidence of myocarditis/pericarditis (broad definition) was 78.1 per 100,000 individuals (95% CI: 75.3-81.0). Incidence was consistently higher in males than females for each of the above age groups. (Kwong J, ICES, personal communication email, 2021 Aug 5).
The list of possible causes or triggers for myocarditis/pericarditis is broad and includes both infectious (i.e., recent viral, bacterial, fungal, tuberculosis, parasitic infection) 9, and non-infectious triggers (i.e., auto-immune, connective tissue disease, metabolic (e.g., renal), malignancy, trauma, toxins, drug-induced)4,10,. Smallpox vaccination is the only vaccine that has ever been conclusively linked to myocarditis based on a significantly higher relative risk.11
Myocarditis12,13 and pericarditis14 have also been associated with recent COVID-19 infection. In two case studies and one cohort study, competitive athletes infected with SARS-CoV-2 had cardiac magnetic resonance (cMR) findings consistent with myocarditis (1.4%, 2.3%, 15%, respectively).15-17 A large nationwide Israeli study demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with a substantially increased risk of myocarditis (risk ratio, 18.28; 95% CI, 3.95 to 25.12; risk difference, 11.0 events per 100,000 persons; 95% CI, 5.6 to 15.8) and of additional serious adverse events, including pericarditis.18
Subsequent analysis demonstrated that the risk of myocarditis and pericarditis after SARS-CoV-2 infection increased in both males and females under and over the age of 40 years. Specifically, in young male adolescents and adults ages 16-39 years old, there was an excess of 11.54 events of myocarditis per 100,000 persons (95% CI, 2.48 to 22.55).19
Myocarditis and Pericarditis Following COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines 3
Early Reports of Myocarditis and Pericarditis Following COVID-19 Vaccination
In April 2021, an Israeli news release reported 62 cases of myocarditis out of approximately five million
doses of Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine administered.20 Of these cases, 56 occurred after dose 2, with most
occurring in men younger than 30 years of age.
In April 2021, 23 cases of symptomatic acute myocarditis presented within four days following COVID-19 mRNA vaccination (seven with Pfizer-BioNTech, 16 with Moderna) were reported by the US Department of Defence in healthy military members; twenty of which occurred after the second dose.21
Clinical Description of Events
Numerous published studies of myocarditis following COVID-19 mRNA vaccinations (Pfizer-BioNTech,
Moderna) demonstrated that these events typically present as chest pain in adolescent and young adult males, within two to seven days after their second dose.23-28 Cases were typically mild with no reported deaths. However, the majority of hospitalizations had short durations in non-ICU settings. Generally, these individuals recovered quickly with resolution of their symptoms within a couple of weeks of discharge. Troponin levels were elevated with abnormal echocardiogram and/or cMR.23-28
Epidemiology of Myocarditis/Pericarditis after COVID-19 Vaccination
Reporting Rate of Myocarditis/Pericarditis in the United States
-As of June 30, 2021, reporting rate of myocarditis overall among adults was 3.5 cases per million
second doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine (Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna) administered based on
data from the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), a passive surveillance system in
the US.29 In a subgroup analyses by age and sex, the reporting rate was highest among males
aged 18–29 years (24.3 cases per million mRNA COVID-19 vaccine second doses administered).
- The Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD) is an active surveillance system in the US that uses a rapid
cycle analysis (RCA), to examine the observed number of adverse events compared with the
expected number of events.
-Klein et al. assessed the safety of the mRNA COVID-19 vaccines (Pfizer-BioNTech and
Moderna) from one to twenty-one days after dose 1 or 2 over a six month period from
December 2020 through June 2021.30 Among individuals aged 12 to 39 years, the incidence
of myocarditis/pericarditis per 1,000,000 person-years and adjusted relative risk (aRR)
during the risk versus comparison intervals was 321 versus 35 (aRR 9.83; 95%CI, 3.35-
35.77) during days 0 to 7 after vaccination after either dose 1 or 2. This corresponded to a
statistically additional 6.3 cases per million doses (p < 0.001, 95%CI, 4.9-6.8) after either
dose 1 or dose 2. The aRR estimates were higher for both Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna
vaccines with significant clustering within the first five days of mRNA vaccination with the
risk being highest after dose two, with an excess of 11.2 (p < 0.001, 95%CI, 8.9 to 12.1)
cases per million doses in days 0 through 7 for individuals 12 to 39 years old.30
Myocarditis and Pericarditis Following COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines 4
Reporting Rate of Myocarditis/Pericarditis in Israel
-Analysis of observational data of adverse events following mRNA vaccination from the largest
health care organization in Israel compared matched individuals forty-two days after being
vaccinated with two doses of Pfizer-BioNTech to unvaccinated individuals. Vaccination was most
strongly associated with an elevated risk of myocarditis (risk ratio, 3.24; 95% CI, 1.55 to 12.44;
risk difference, 2.7 events per 100,000 persons; 95% CI, 1.0 to 4.6).18
-The risk of myocarditis increased by a factor of three after vaccination, which translated to
approximately 3 excess events per 100,000 persons (95% CI, 1 to 5 excess events per 100,000
persons).18 Among the persons with myocarditis in the vaccinated group, the median age was 25
years and 90.9% were male.
- Further analysis of adverse events following mRNA vaccination stratified by age and sex, found
that among males between 16 and 39 years old, there was an excess of 8.62 events of
myocarditis per 100,000 persons (95% CI, 2.82 to 14.35) with a risk ratio of 4.95 (95% CI, 1.61 to
16.57).19 In comparison, the excess risk for the same group following SARS CoV-2 infection was
11.54 events of myocarditis per 100,000 persons (95% CI, 2.48 to 22.55). Similarly, there was an
increased risk of pericarditis following mRNA vaccines in young males aged 16-39 years (risk
ratio, 2.67; 95% CI, 1.03 to 9.26; risk difference, 5.28 events per 100,000 persons; 95% CI, 0.17
to 10.33).
Reporting Rate of Myocarditis/Pericarditis in Canada
- Up to and including October 15, 2021, there were 956 reports of myocarditis/pericarditis to the
Public Health Agency of Canada and Health Canada.31 Of these reported cases, 573 occurred
following a Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine for a reporting rate of 1.44 events per 100,000 administered
doses. There were 357 events following Moderna vaccination for a reporting rate of 2.55 per
100,000 administered doses.
-The number of reports of myocarditis/pericarditis following the Pfizer-BioNTech is higher
than what would be expected in the general population of males and females less than 30
- The number of reports of myocarditis/pericarditis following the Moderna is higher than
what would be expected in the general population, particularly among males and females
less than 40 years old and following the second dose.31
Reporting Rate of Myocarditis/Pericarditis in Ontario
-Passively reported events of myocarditis/pericarditis following COVID-19 vaccine are higher than
expected in the general population based on trends in background rates for these types of events.32
Additional information on these events and other COVID-19 AEFI reports can be found in Public
Health Ontario’s weekly AEFI summary.
-As of October 10, 2021, there have been 438 reports of myocarditis/pericarditis following
receipt of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines in Ontario for an overall crude reporting rate of 20.9
per million doses of mRNA vaccines administered. Of these, 122 (27.9%) were diagnosed
with myocarditis and 197 (45.0%) were diagnosed with pericarditis.32
-Of the 438 reports of myocarditis/pericarditis, 242 required hospitalization (55.3%), for a
median length of stay of two days among the 210 reports for which there was an
admission and discharge date.32
https://www.publichealthontario.ca/-/media/documents/ncov/vaccines/2021/11/myocarditis-pericarditis-mrna-vaccines.pdf?sc_lang=en
Myocarditis and Pericarditis after COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines
November 2021
Key Messages
-A number of cases of myocarditis/pericarditis following immunization with mRNA COVID-19
vaccines have been reported in Ontario, Canada, and internationally. Reported cases have
occurred more frequently in males under the age of 30 years, commonly following their second
dose, usually within one week of vaccination, and have been mild with a quick recovery.
The observed number of cases of myocarditis/pericarditis following administration of a mRNA
vaccine is higher than expected in some jurisdictions, including Ontario, Canada, and the United
States (US). Preliminary post-marketing safety data reported in Canada and the US suggests
higher rates of myocarditis/pericarditis reported after Moderna Spikevax® compared to Pfizer-
BioNTech Comirnaty®.
-The National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) recommends that individuals who
experienced myocarditis/pericarditis after a first dose of an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine should wait
to receive a second dose until more information is available.
- On September 29, 2021, out of an abundance of caution, Ontario issued a preferential
recommendation for the use of Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine for individuals 18-24 years of age, and
the continued use of Pfizer-BioNTech for individuals 12-17 years of age, based on an analysis of
data from Ontario’s vaccine safety surveillance system.
- The benefits of vaccination continue to outweigh the risks of COVID-19 illness and vaccination is
highly recommended for all eligible individuals, including youth.
This document provides an overview of what is currently known about events of myocarditis and
pericarditis following COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. This document will be updated as new information
becomes available.
This document was informed by a review of current literature on myocarditis/pericarditis generally and
following COVID-19 vaccination. It includes a jurisdictional scan of resources from countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, and Israel, and organizations such as the Public Health Agency of Canada, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the World Health Organization; and a
synthesis of hand-selected peer-reviewed literature.
Myocarditis and Pericarditis Following COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines 2
Background
In May 2021, international reports of myocarditis/pericarditis following vaccination with COVID-19 mRNA vaccines emerged from the United States1,2 and Israel.3 Preliminary reports, which have been confirmed with additional investigation (outlined below) indicated that these cases occurred mainly in adolescents and young adults, more often in males than females, more commonly after the second dose, and typically within one week after vaccination.1,2,4 Most cases appeared to be mild and responded well to conservative treatment (e.g., non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) and rest. No myocarditis/pericarditis events were initially observed with Pfizer-BioNTech5 including among 12 to 15 year old adolescents6, and Moderna7 clinical trials. Since these original reports, multiple immunization advisory groups and vaccine regulatory committees have met to discuss this vaccine signal and to provide recommendations. To date, all countries offering COVID-19 vaccination in young adults and adolescents continue to recommend their use.
Overview of Myocarditis and Pericarditis
Myocarditis is inflammation of the heart muscle and pericarditis is inflammation of the lining outside the
heart. Symptoms of both can include shortness of breath, chest pain, or the feeling of a rapid or abnormal heart rhythm.1,2,4 Other non-cardiac symptoms can include fatigue, gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain), dizziness or syncope, edema (swelling of the lower legs), or cough.4
In Ontario, baseline data for the period of 2015-2020 from the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (ICES) was available using a broad definition of myocarditis and pericarditis from the 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases.8 The average annual incidence of myocarditis/pericarditis per 100,000 individuals for the following age groups was: 12-19 years (16.0, 95% confidence Interval [CI]: 15.1-16.9), 20-29 years (27.3, 95% CI: 26.4-28.2), 30-39 years (27.7, 95% CI: 26.7, 28.7), and 40-49 years (28.6, 95% CI: 27.7-29.7). For Ontarians 80 years of age and older, the average annual incidence of myocarditis/pericarditis (broad definition) was 78.1 per 100,000 individuals (95% CI: 75.3-81.0). Incidence was consistently higher in males than females for each of the above age groups. (Kwong J, ICES, personal communication email, 2021 Aug 5).
The list of possible causes or triggers for myocarditis/pericarditis is broad and includes both infectious (i.e., recent viral, bacterial, fungal, tuberculosis, parasitic infection) 9, and non-infectious triggers (i.e., auto-immune, connective tissue disease, metabolic (e.g., renal), malignancy, trauma, toxins, drug-induced)4,10,. Smallpox vaccination is the only vaccine that has ever been conclusively linked to myocarditis based on a significantly higher relative risk.11
Myocarditis12,13 and pericarditis14 have also been associated with recent COVID-19 infection. In two case studies and one cohort study, competitive athletes infected with SARS-CoV-2 had cardiac magnetic resonance (cMR) findings consistent with myocarditis (1.4%, 2.3%, 15%, respectively).15-17 A large nationwide Israeli study demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with a substantially increased risk of myocarditis (risk ratio, 18.28; 95% CI, 3.95 to 25.12; risk difference, 11.0 events per 100,000 persons; 95% CI, 5.6 to 15.8) and of additional serious adverse events, including pericarditis.18
Subsequent analysis demonstrated that the risk of myocarditis and pericarditis after SARS-CoV-2 infection increased in both males and females under and over the age of 40 years. Specifically, in young male adolescents and adults ages 16-39 years old, there was an excess of 11.54 events of myocarditis per 100,000 persons (95% CI, 2.48 to 22.55).19
Myocarditis and Pericarditis Following COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines 3
Early Reports of Myocarditis and Pericarditis Following COVID-19 Vaccination
In April 2021, an Israeli news release reported 62 cases of myocarditis out of approximately five million
doses of Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine administered.20 Of these cases, 56 occurred after dose 2, with most
occurring in men younger than 30 years of age.
In April 2021, 23 cases of symptomatic acute myocarditis presented within four days following COVID-19 mRNA vaccination (seven with Pfizer-BioNTech, 16 with Moderna) were reported by the US Department of Defence in healthy military members; twenty of which occurred after the second dose.21
Clinical Description of Events
Numerous published studies of myocarditis following COVID-19 mRNA vaccinations (Pfizer-BioNTech,
Moderna) demonstrated that these events typically present as chest pain in adolescent and young adult males, within two to seven days after their second dose.23-28 Cases were typically mild with no reported deaths. However, the majority of hospitalizations had short durations in non-ICU settings. Generally, these individuals recovered quickly with resolution of their symptoms within a couple of weeks of discharge. Troponin levels were elevated with abnormal echocardiogram and/or cMR.23-28
Epidemiology of Myocarditis/Pericarditis after COVID-19 Vaccination
Reporting Rate of Myocarditis/Pericarditis in the United States
-As of June 30, 2021, reporting rate of myocarditis overall among adults was 3.5 cases per million
second doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine (Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna) administered based on
data from the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), a passive surveillance system in
the US.29 In a subgroup analyses by age and sex, the reporting rate was highest among males
aged 18–29 years (24.3 cases per million mRNA COVID-19 vaccine second doses administered).
- The Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD) is an active surveillance system in the US that uses a rapid
cycle analysis (RCA), to examine the observed number of adverse events compared with the
expected number of events.
-Klein et al. assessed the safety of the mRNA COVID-19 vaccines (Pfizer-BioNTech and
Moderna) from one to twenty-one days after dose 1 or 2 over a six month period from
December 2020 through June 2021.30 Among individuals aged 12 to 39 years, the incidence
of myocarditis/pericarditis per 1,000,000 person-years and adjusted relative risk (aRR)
during the risk versus comparison intervals was 321 versus 35 (aRR 9.83; 95%CI, 3.35-
35.77) during days 0 to 7 after vaccination after either dose 1 or 2. This corresponded to a
statistically additional 6.3 cases per million doses (p < 0.001, 95%CI, 4.9-6.8) after either
dose 1 or dose 2. The aRR estimates were higher for both Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna
vaccines with significant clustering within the first five days of mRNA vaccination with the
risk being highest after dose two, with an excess of 11.2 (p < 0.001, 95%CI, 8.9 to 12.1)
cases per million doses in days 0 through 7 for individuals 12 to 39 years old.30
Myocarditis and Pericarditis Following COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines 4
Reporting Rate of Myocarditis/Pericarditis in Israel
-Analysis of observational data of adverse events following mRNA vaccination from the largest
health care organization in Israel compared matched individuals forty-two days after being
vaccinated with two doses of Pfizer-BioNTech to unvaccinated individuals. Vaccination was most
strongly associated with an elevated risk of myocarditis (risk ratio, 3.24; 95% CI, 1.55 to 12.44;
risk difference, 2.7 events per 100,000 persons; 95% CI, 1.0 to 4.6).18
-The risk of myocarditis increased by a factor of three after vaccination, which translated to
approximately 3 excess events per 100,000 persons (95% CI, 1 to 5 excess events per 100,000
persons).18 Among the persons with myocarditis in the vaccinated group, the median age was 25
years and 90.9% were male.
- Further analysis of adverse events following mRNA vaccination stratified by age and sex, found
that among males between 16 and 39 years old, there was an excess of 8.62 events of
myocarditis per 100,000 persons (95% CI, 2.82 to 14.35) with a risk ratio of 4.95 (95% CI, 1.61 to
16.57).19 In comparison, the excess risk for the same group following SARS CoV-2 infection was
11.54 events of myocarditis per 100,000 persons (95% CI, 2.48 to 22.55). Similarly, there was an
increased risk of pericarditis following mRNA vaccines in young males aged 16-39 years (risk
ratio, 2.67; 95% CI, 1.03 to 9.26; risk difference, 5.28 events per 100,000 persons; 95% CI, 0.17
to 10.33).
Reporting Rate of Myocarditis/Pericarditis in Canada
- Up to and including October 15, 2021, there were 956 reports of myocarditis/pericarditis to the
Public Health Agency of Canada and Health Canada.31 Of these reported cases, 573 occurred
following a Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine for a reporting rate of 1.44 events per 100,000 administered
doses. There were 357 events following Moderna vaccination for a reporting rate of 2.55 per
100,000 administered doses.
-The number of reports of myocarditis/pericarditis following the Pfizer-BioNTech is higher
than what would be expected in the general population of males and females less than 30
- The number of reports of myocarditis/pericarditis following the Moderna is higher than
what would be expected in the general population, particularly among males and females
less than 40 years old and following the second dose.31
Reporting Rate of Myocarditis/Pericarditis in Ontario
-Passively reported events of myocarditis/pericarditis following COVID-19 vaccine are higher than
expected in the general population based on trends in background rates for these types of events.32
Additional information on these events and other COVID-19 AEFI reports can be found in Public
Health Ontario’s weekly AEFI summary.
-As of October 10, 2021, there have been 438 reports of myocarditis/pericarditis following
receipt of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines in Ontario for an overall crude reporting rate of 20.9
per million doses of mRNA vaccines administered. Of these, 122 (27.9%) were diagnosed
with myocarditis and 197 (45.0%) were diagnosed with pericarditis.32
-Of the 438 reports of myocarditis/pericarditis, 242 required hospitalization (55.3%), for a
median length of stay of two days among the 210 reports for which there was an
admission and discharge date.32
EDITED: 5 Jan 19:02 by RAZZMAN
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From: Carl (SPARTACUS) 6 Jan 08:45
To: Razz (RAZZMAN)
5 of 42
The entire program is intended to force people to get the vax. They understate side effects while jacking up hospitalizations, deaths etc. All the tests do is make it look like there are more cases. Everything is directed at us to make us believe we need the vax. Is BS.
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From: Razz (RAZZMAN) 6 Jan 10:13
To: Carl (SPARTACUS)
6 of 42
To me, all these studies, reports, etc. from both sides of the argument is total BULLSHIT. I'm tired of racking my brain about all these studies and trying to find ANY truth in them. To me, case close. Don't want to hear any more of this bullshit.
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From: Carl (SPARTACUS) 6 Jan 10:57
To: Razz (RAZZMAN)
7 of 42
Yup. All the published US data is directed to making folks get Vaxxed.
Listening to Joe Rogan and the doctors, they are equally as frustrated with the nonsense.
If they are covering up now, imagine how bad it really is?
Listening to Joe Rogan and the doctors, they are equally as frustrated with the nonsense.
If they are covering up now, imagine how bad it really is?
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From: Razz (RAZZMAN) 6 Jan 11:57
To: Carl (SPARTACUS)
8 of 42
As I said, I sit here alone and all this garbage BOTH sides are throwing at me is like nuclear physics. How the hell am I to judge what's true and what's fake news. One of these "experts" or scientists could come into my house and show me the "proof" that their theory is right. Even that can be propaganda to serve their hidden agenda. That goes for the pro-vax, pro-mask side and that also goes fore their opponents.
Joe Rogan can pitch a great theory and support it with "facts", but to me, it's all FAKE NEWS.
Joe Rogan can pitch a great theory and support it with "facts", but to me, it's all FAKE NEWS.
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From: Carl (SPARTACUS) 6 Jan 12:48
To: Razz (RAZZMAN)
9 of 42
Clearly, one has to decide what BS they want to believe...... meanwhile, my school is handing out N95 masks so I just got mine.
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From: Razz (RAZZMAN) 6 Jan 15:17
To: Carl (SPARTACUS)
10 of 42
So you got an N95 mask and not the KN95? I've done research on them and the N95 are rated for only 1 use. The KN95 can be OK for multiple uses. I spray my masks with Isopropyl Alcohol. In the summer, you can hang them out in the sunshine and that gets rid of any virus.
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From: Carl (SPARTACUS) 7 Jan 10:38
To: Razz (RAZZMAN)
11 of 42
It says N95. I figure with mandatory vax, mandatory tests, soon it will be mandatory n95.
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From: Razz (RAZZMAN) 7 Jan 10:59
To: Carl (SPARTACUS)
12 of 42
The N95 masks are the ones doctors and nurses wear in hospitals. I guess ordinary people can order them now too.
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From: Carl (SPARTACUS) 8 Jan 11:09
To: Razz (RAZZMAN)
13 of 42
Apparently since my school bought a pant load of them.
We had 4 inches of snow yesterday and no school. Today is 19 degrees. Looks like your weather headed our way.
We had 4 inches of snow yesterday and no school. Today is 19 degrees. Looks like your weather headed our way.
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From: Razz (RAZZMAN) 8 Jan 11:30
To: Carl (SPARTACUS)
14 of 42
The Buffalo weather station at the airport recorded 16.5 inches the other day. My son shoveled us out here in Amherst and we had only 6 inches. It was 7 degrees this morning!
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From: Carl (SPARTACUS) 8 Jan 17:17
To: Razz (RAZZMAN)
15 of 42
I had to wear gloves going to the dump this morning. As I said, was 19 degrees but a cold New England temp.
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From: Razz (RAZZMAN) 8 Jan 19:10
To: Carl (SPARTACUS)
16 of 42
It's supposed to go to 41 tomorrow and rain, but changing to snow come game time for the Bills hosting the Jets. Then it's supposed to get frigid again for the next few days.
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From: Carl (SPARTACUS) 8 Jan 21:25
To: Razz (RAZZMAN)
17 of 42
Buffalo and snow is what we all expect. LOL
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From: Razz (RAZZMAN) 9 Jan 11:02
To: Carl (SPARTACUS)
18 of 42
And don't forget the hurricane force winds. Today, it's raining and changing over to snow, but the winds are supposed to gust to 35 mph today.
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From: Carl (SPARTACUS) 9 Jan 14:24
To: Razz (RAZZMAN)
19 of 42
Yikes. It should be fun at the football game today.
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From: Razz (RAZZMAN) 9 Jan 15:39
To: Carl (SPARTACUS)
20 of 42
Hopefully Josh Allen does better in this windy day than he did during the wind storm against the Pats. I can hear the wind howling right now in my house.
Breezy, with a west wind around 25 mph, with gusts as high as 37 mph.
Breezy, with a west wind around 25 mph, with gusts as high as 37 mph.
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